© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. This chapter presents a general overview on the structure, functions, and metabolism of the liver to identify the effects of hepatotoxins, like ethanol and carbon tetrachloride, and to assert the hepatoprotection exerted by adenosine and an adenosine derivative. Adenosine is a purine nucleoside with numerous physiological actions. In the liver, it increases the energetic metabolism in normal animals, whereas in the presence of acute ethanol intoxication, the energy and redox parameters decrease, but recuperate their values in the presence of adenosine, normalizing the metabolic fluxes and preventing the fatty liver. In cirrhosis, similar effects were observed reflected in normalization of collagen metabolism and liver functions, preventing the induction of cirrhosis and its reversion when it was present. These effects were potentiated with an adenosine derivative using a lower dose. Microarray studies revealed marked alterations in gene expression that were reduced 40% with the compound, which could explain the recuperation of liver function.